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Finlay wrote that "the history of Trebizond was almost unknown, until Professor Fallmerayer discovered the Chronicle of Michael Panaretos”. After the discovery of these chronicles, while the history of the Kingdom of Komnenos, which was established in 1204…
Nonprofitable monetary foundations were established for public benefit. These foundations meet the everyday needs of the people living in the region, and they aim to increase cooperation and solidarity between them. Monetary foundations had a crucial role in…
Gülbahar Hatun Foundation was founded in 1515 by his son Selim I. in the name of Gülbahar Hatun, who died in Trabzon in 1505-1506. For more than 400 years, it has contributed to the region from social, economic, scientific, religious, municipal and commercial…
The Ottoman public administration witnessed considerable changes in history. We can divide this process into traditional and modern. In the traditional period, society was divided into two as military and reâya. However, there was a permeability between both…
Turkish culinary culture has vibrant potential in terms of gastronomic tourism. Among this potential, Trabzon cuisine has an essential place since it contains many different products unique to the region. This study highlights the significance of kuymak…
The article is based on the Tobacco Customs Register Numbered 23361 in the years of 1826-1827. The Ottoman State decided to increase the tax rates of tobacco bought and sold across the country, including customs, in order to find new sources of income for the…
Ataturk has realized many revolutions in order to modernise Turkish nation and to catch up with contemporary civilization, endowing Turkish women with important roles in the administrative duties of the Republic. The Turkish woman, who gained the new rights…
It was the Imperial Council that dealt with the political, financial, judicial and social issues primarily concerned the Ottoman State in the Classical Period. The issues discussed at the board were recorded in official journals and carefully documented. One…
The proper noun 'Temel' is one of the most common and frequently used names around Trabzon and particularly in the Eastern Black Sea region. However, two points are extremely remarkable concerning this name. Firstly, from an etymological perspective, the word…
Trabzon is one of the most important district centers in the Ottoman Empire. The history of the court established in Trabzon traces back to 1557 according to the historical documents. This study explores the activities of an Ottoman court in the 16 th century…
The geography of the Black Sea punctuated by river valleys presents a social and economic unity in a geography from coasts to plains. The highlands, the most important feature characterizing the nomadic (Konar-Göçer) Turkmen’s life, mark a space where this…
The Pontic Issue remained on the agenda during the years of National Struggle. The Pontic Greek gangs continued their activities in and around Samsun until the end of 1922. Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Parliament), the Government has taken some measures…
The Ottoman Empire used “exile” as a means of punishment among the precautions to achieve public security. The imposition of this kind of restriction can be examined in three ways. Firstly, after the conquest a part of the non-Muslim population in Trabzon was…
Trabzon tarih boyunca pek çok topluluğa ev sahipliği yapmış bir bölgedir. Haliyle yörede çeşitli kültürlerin izlerini görmek mümkündür. Trabzon’un sahil kesiminde ortaya çıkan yerleşim birimleri genelde ticari faaliyetler sonucu meydana gelmiş yerler olduğu…
One of the most important events recorded in the history of civilization was the conquest of Istanbul by Fatih Sultan Mehmet in 1453 and ended the Eastern Roman Empire. Shortly after 8 years, Fatih Sultan Mehmet, leading the soldiers, commanded his army and…
A remarkable space was devoted to the developments about the Russo-Turkish War that started in 1806 as represented in the correspondences of Dupré, the first French consul in Trabzon. Dupré reported the Russian raids targeting Trabzon, apart from the…
The activities of civil associations in the Ottoman Empire emerged in parallel with the change and transformation that began with the Tanzimat period. After the proclamation of the constitutional monarchy II, various associations were established in the…
Divan-ı hümayun (Imperial council) was the highest administrative and judicial unit of the Ottoman Empire. The issues discussed and negotiated in the Divan were written in various book series. One of these book series was the Province Verdict Register (Eyalet…
In Ottoman territories, where there was labor requirement and where there were job seekers were different each other. This situation induced migration for being a guest worker. In Rumelia, people having financial difficulties were going to the country side of…
Due to its strategic location, Turkey has been a gate to Europe for Georgia throughout history. Many Georgian who preferred the land route travelled to Europe via Turkey. Among the Georgian travellers were famous Georgian men of letters, one of whom is the…
Despite his independence, the desire for an endless expansion of Greece was renewed after the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878, and despite taking Teselia and Arta in 1881, he did not give up his wishes. The most common way they applied for this purpose was…
Veysel Usta-Ömer İskender Tuluk, BAŞLANGIÇTAN HALKEVLERİNE TRABZON’DA TİYATRO, Serander Yayınevi, Trabzon 2017, 344 s. ISBN: 978-605-2104-01-9
A large number of the Pontic Greeks population lived at the Torul district of Gümüşhane in the years of the Turkish National Struggle. However, the figures pertaining to the Pontic Greek population was not higher than that of the Turks anywhere in Gümüşhane…
After the Declaration of Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire, the western-centered changes seen in the field of law brought with it the renewal of the prisons within this framework. Thus, a period of great prison construction began in the Ottoman lands. A prison…
Although the two cities, Manchester city of The United Kingdom (UK), located on the northwest of the UK and Trabzon (formerly known as “Trapezus”) of Turkey, located on the northeast of Turkey, seem so far away from each other, they indeed very close to each…
The port of Trabzon, which has occupied an important position in the East-West trade throughout history, is situated on a significant route connected both to Caucasus and to the West from Iran. For this reason, it was used by several states on military and…
This paper analyses various issues found in the court reports of Trabzon in the 18 th century and the information gathered regarding cautioning in the matter of Salah. Concordantly, there will be mentions of how the practice of Salah took place in the…
According to the Violence against Women and Family Members Survey Report of the Human Rights Committee of the Turkish National Grand Assembly, one of the current reports on the issue, compared to 2008, in 2011, the greatest increase in domestic violence in…
Founded as a branch of Ottoman association of Hilal-i Ahmer, Trabzon association of Hilal-i Ahmer operated actively since II constitutional monarchy. Hampered by the Russian invasion, the association reunited in 1918 as the invasion stopped and became one of…
Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer (1790-1861) who lived in Bavaria was an important Byzantine historian. In 1823, Fallmerayer began to write the work titled The History of the Empire of Trebizond (Die Geschichte des Kaiserthums von Trapezunt) for an announcement by…
Pierre Jarôme Dupré who came to Trabzon in 1803 as a trade commissioner resided in the city until his death in 1820. The most important duty of Dupré was to develop and protect the French trade in the consular region and also he would observe the local trade…
In the Second Constitutional Period, the Ottoman rulers began to identify economic development with incorporation, and increasingly established national corporations with the influence of the Committee of Union and Progress’ policy of creating national…
The valley of Zigana cuts the mountain range of Eastern Black Sea in direction of north and south. The valley is one of the important transition points connecting the narrow seaboard in the coast to the area located in southern range of the mountains. There…
Trabzon and Gümüşhane were occupied by the Russian Army during the First World War. Thousands of Muslims were forced to leave Gümüşhane. Due to the Bolshevik Revolution, the Russian Army withdrew from Trabzon and Gümüşhane like rest of the Eastern Black Sea…
Thanks to its sources of income, The Waqf İmâret-i Hatuniye is the largest waqf which has an important position for the social and financial life in the Trabzon. Gülbahar Hatun Mosque, still present in Trabzon, its tomb and Hatuniye Islamic-social complex…
In this article history of tea, agriculture and cultural impacts in the Black Sea region were examined. It has been researched the values after tea to be included in the Turkish culture and life historically. Also the economic benefits of tea provide to the…
XIII. century is a period of significant historical transformations in both the Islamic and the Christian worlds. After a five-century dominanance in science and art, the Islamic world entered an unproductive period. Coming out of the darkness and bigoitsm of…
Monetary foundations, mostly referred to as a legal issue, became a very important part of the social life in the Ottoman State with its widespread use and with the way they functioned in the Ottoman society. The reason why these foundations raised heated…
The book in Turkish-Islamic civilization has an important place as pointing out a stationary and rooted culture in the “respectability” priority as encinctured in the verse of Koran example, translated as: “Are those who know equal to those who do not know?”…
Urbanization brought by Industrial society forms at the same time the basis of modernism. This development that deeply and largely affected and changed every part of social and individual lives in Europe also affected the Ottoman State from the early 19 th…
Towards the end of the 19th century, Armenians intended to break away from the Ottoman Empire and establish an independent Greater Armenia in order to take advantage of opportunities promised by the international conjuncture. However, they had limited…
Throughout history, the port of Trabzon has been one of the major commercial centers of the region extending into interior parts of Iran and has kept this position for a long time. After the Ottoman conquest of Trabzon, though commercial activities in the…
During and after the World War I within the whole Ottoman geography, especially in regions like Trabzon, which were saved from the occupation of the Allies, public security problems proliferated. Thus, maintaining the safety and the order of the community in…
The current study aims to investigate the social background of the contraction business as a profession within a research context regarding the socio-cultural levels of contractors, the main figures of construction sector which has improved remarkably recent…
Clothing is one of the most important elements displaying national traits and indigenous characteristics of peoples’ religion and culture. Research in this field of study can decipher the signs of changes in such traditions up to day, which are still of…
Çev. Murat Keçiş Makalenin Orijinali: Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, “Noms Coumans à Trébizonde”, Revue des Études Byzantines (RÉB) , 53, (1995), s. 285-288.
Monasteries are one of the foundations that served as a force during the process of Islamization. Seven monasteries are built in and around the city by dervishes among the Muslim groups of people that settled down in the city following the conquest. These…
Trabzon is one of the most important historical cities, situated in the eastern Black Sea region, Turkey. There are numerous historical monuments from the Byzantine and Ottoman periods of the city. Since the city is also a port destination, it has always been…
A huge ammunition depot exploded in Trabzon on July 10, 1919. The effects of the explosion were seen even in Batumi, 100 miles distant. There were many weapons and ammunition left by the Russian army in the ammunition depot. The explosion of the ammunition…
Growing commercial activity in the second half of the 19th century revealed inadequate conditions of the Çömlekçi Port by which a great part of the Trabzon’s trade realized in this period. The first infrastructure works was carried at the port during and…
While the Western Front of First World War has been studied from various aspects, the other fronts of the war were neglected in the historiography. The studies on the Caucasian Front of the war concentrated on military movements and various massacres that…
World War I, that broke out a century ago, has been the most destructive and most extensive war throughout history. In addition to the downfall of the political, social, economic and structural qualities of the states, the greatest damage was to humankind…
In the first months following the breakout of the world war, the Russian army began to invade the eastern Anatolia soon after the collapse of Sarikamish Front. From the beginnings of 1918 following the military operation done to Erzurum overland and to…
This article reviews the changes in the countryside during the 17 th century in the Ottoman Empire. It focuses on the concept of “title inflation” and examines the issue in order to explore these changes. The concept, attributed to the status of England in…
The Eastern Frontier was of vital importance for the achievement of the National Struggle. Bolshevik Russia and the Allies planned the establishment of an Armenia State in Eastern Anatolia. When Bolshevik Revolution took place in the First World War, the…
Although Trabzon (Trebizond) was one of the important international trade centers, crime as a phenomenon in this city has not been analysed so far. When considered as a concept, crime has a wide range of meanings. In this study, however, the assault and…
Based on the Treaty of Paris in 1802, France established a consulate in Trabzon in 180, which gave France the privilege to trade in the Black Sea. However, the French commercial concern about Trabzon was reawakened in the 1830s when Persian transit trade was…
Like all the other sciences, sociology, too, has its own research subject, method and concepts. These are the components that make Sociology an independent science. In addition to this, Sociology, at the same time, is the catalyst that sets up communication…
The present study is about the evaluation of subsidies raised in Trabzon for the Turco-Italian War (1911-1912) according to the Subsidy Records. The study reveals that the aforementioned subsidies were collected both individually and institutionally at the…
It is believed that the Trabzon press covered to a great extent the actual events particularly after the Italian invasion of Tripoli under Ottoman Empire in 1911 on various occasions. The newspaper Trabzon’da Meşveret , being published in Trabzon , both…
After the proclamation of Constitution II, the Ottoman government, declaring July 10th as national day, wanted to arouse a festive joy and bliss of togetherness of all Ottoman nations. Since such declarations would consolidate the unity of the peoples and…
Prior to the proclamation of the Republic, especially before World War I, considerable steps had been taken so as to cope with the issue of water in Trabzon. For this purpose, a “Water Subsidize Commission” was established, a variety of events was held and a…
Abdullah Cevdet, a supporter of western values and westernization and the champion ideolog of Young Turks movement, went on a trip to the Black Sea Region in October 1912. He wrote about his experience of one-week vacation. Reviewing the impressions of the…
After War of Independence, the founding leaders of the Republic, started a national struggle since the victories at the battleground should be consolidated by further economic and educational reforms. According to the leaders of national struggle, the…
Ahmet Karaçavuş, Mektûbât-ı Sırrı Paşa, Serander Yayınları, Trabzon 2011, 221 s. Ahmet Köksal
Trabzon has been one of the most important ports in the Black Sea Region, and it started to experience a strong change and transformation from the second half of the 19th century. The social, political, religious, economic and cultural reflections of this…
Trabzon Electricity Company was founded in 1925 and started to produce electricity in 1929. This company is important because it was the first foundation that was founded with domestic resources and capital and that prevented the efflux of Turkish Money…
Though not being an agricultural land, Trabzon was a province that derived an important part of its revenue from agriculture. Because of the geographical and climatic factors, the agricultural activities in the area were carried out under difficult conditions…
With the announcement of the republic, the founders of the Republic of Turkey paid special attention to educational matters in their attempts for modernization, and gave the utmost priority to the “action for education” with their limited resources. In…
TRABZON KENT MİRASI/YER-YAPI-HAFIZA, Editörler: Ömer İskender Tuluk, Halil İbrahim Düzenli, Klasik Yayınları, İstanbul, 2010, 517 s. Servet Keleş
In this study, according to the first Ahkam Defter of Trabzon, we will try to explain how security measures were provided and implemented in Trabzon. We will first give some information about the decrees sent from the Imperial Council concerning security…
Beginning from 1847 Tanzimat reforms implemented in Trabzon province and Yurtluk-Ocaklık lands were taken to the possession of the central treasury. This was one of the conditions of the Tanzimat reforms. Due to the sensitive situation in Trabzon this…
The settlement areas in Eastern Black Sea region were established on very rare flat areas. The ancient city center of Trabzon was established on the high flat area which was situated between the streams of Debbağhane and Zağnos. This geographical structure…
In 1935 İsmet İnönü, by the order of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, arranged an excursion to the eastern cities of Turkey to see the general situation. One of the cities to which İnönü made a brief visit was Trabzon. İsmet İnönü was informed about the general…
The Russian administration started modernizing activities in all kind of governmental activities from the 18th century onwards and developed an imperial Russian identity. By the 19th century onwards however, the policy became an assimilation policy towards…
This study tries to investigate the interventions of local powers to the provincial administration during the time of Sultan Abdulhamid II in the case of Of town. In the study we investigated the background of the annexation of Of town to Lazistan Sancak and…
Throughout its rule in the Eastern Black Sea region, the Komnenos dynasty tried to maintain its existence by establishing relationships with the Christian world mainly with Byzantium and Papacy as well as with the surrounding Turkish beyliks (principalities)…
Hasan Naci Yamaç was born in Trabzon in 1881 and was known as Meşveretçi Naci Bey due to the Trabzon’da Meşveret daily that he published in Trabzon. Trabzon’da Meşveret was the second long-lived daily after the Ikbal daily during the Second Constitutional…
In the Ottoman Empire, the city of Trabzon and its port was one of the most important places in the middle of the 19 th century since it was possible to make trade between Persia and Europe by using Trabzon port. In these activities the key factor was the…
Iskender Pasha became the governor of Trabzon four times between the years of 1512-1533. During this period, he had several architectural buildings built. In 1531, when he became the governor for the last time, he established a waqf consisting of these…
During the rule of Sultan Abdülhamid II, some changes were made in the administrative statuses of some sanjaks and wilayahs. Some places were detached from the wilayahs that they belonged to and were given the status of sanjak. Canik is one of them. However…
İskender Paşa Mosque is one of the most important Ottoman mosques in Trabzon. Its present plan shows some expansion attempts carried out in different periods. In this study, using historical sources, considering the conception of the architectural…
Black Sea had always attracted western governments attention in the fields of politics and trade. Especially France, Britain and Russia had serious conflicts over the domination of Black Sea. France had less information on the Black Sea in comparison to…
Trabzon experienced very important developments in health services in the first quarter of the 20 th century. The most outstanding characteristic of this period was the action taken against epidemics. This was achieved by the efforts of central, local…
Trabzon Electric Company, which was established in 1925 was one of the first private enterprise attempts in industry in the beginning of Turkish Republic. It is also important to note that the company was established by the traders of Trabzon. The company…
With the decleration of the Constitution II (1908), people had the right of association due to some constitutional amendments. Thus, a number of associations with various objectives were established during the fol-lowing years. These, in general, aimed to…
Süleyman Pasha, member of a leading family known as Hazinedarzades in Samsun, played an important role in the Ottoman state service in the 19 th Century. His one of the most notable duties was his governorship in Trabzon. During his office in Trabzon…
One of the principal properties of accommodations in urban researches is to introduce urban functions. Urban function term can be described as functions and activities which make it possible for using resources efficiently together with the city having an…
The Anatolian cities before the 19 th century were gathered around the river valleys. There were few port cities. During this period, Sinop and Trabzon in the south of the Black Sea were important. Ottomans adoption of free market economy from the second half…
The Ottoman Empire had to deal with the Armenian problem during her last years. The main aim of the pretenders of the problem was to place the image of tyrant Turk-innocent Armenian in the western public opinion. By doing so the Ottoman Empire was going to be…