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After the end of the Cold War, the balance of power in the Black Sea Basin in the last century was disrupted. The region has attracted global interest and triggered conflicts of interest in addition to the existing tension since then. Not only asymmetrical…
After the end of the Cold War, the balance of power in the Black Sea Basin in the last century was disrupted. The region has attracted global interest and triggered conflicts of interest in addition to the existing tension since then. Not only asymmetrical…
The first administrative headquarters used by the Russian State, which permeated the Caucasus in the 16th century, appeared with the emergence of castles built here after the 18th century. These castles undertook the administration of the Russian Cossacks and…
In Ottoman territories, where there was labor requirement and where there were job seekers were different each other. This situation induced migration for being a guest worker. In Rumelia, people having financial difficulties were going to the country side of…
The “Azerbaijan National Government” was established under the presidency of Seyyid Cafer Pişevari in Iran, in the South Azerbaijan during the World War II. The most important development paving the way for the establishment of this government was the…
The Black Sea is an important internal water which has always witnessed commercial activities even in the early history and thus been claimed by many countries since then. The Black Sea has always been a region that was controlled by sovereignty over the…
A huge ammunition depot exploded in Trabzon on July 10, 1919. The effects of the explosion were seen even in Batumi, 100 miles distant. There were many weapons and ammunition left by the Russian army in the ammunition depot. The explosion of the ammunition…
While the Western Front of First World War has been studied from various aspects, the other fronts of the war were neglected in the historiography. The studies on the Caucasian Front of the war concentrated on military movements and various massacres that…
World War I is of great significance for the eastern Black Sea, especially during 1916-1918. Throughout these two years the region was occupied by the Russians and involved in the social, political and economic activities. These activities done for the…
There have been a few studies to date about the last days of the Giresun Castle, which has been one of the most important castles in the Black Sea region. This study therefore focuses on the physical and martial status of the castle between 1768 and 1840. The…
The First World War represents the last stage of the deep-rooted struggle between Turkey and Russia. The aim of Russia was to abolish the Ottoman State and capture the Bosphorus and to go to the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea through Eastern Anatolia…
By the Treaty of Moscow dated 16th March 1921, the Turkish National Assembly accepted that Batumi was belonged to Georgia and this situation was confirmed later by the Treaty of Kars. Georgia, at the beginning, observed all the conditions of the agreements…
The Russian administration started modernizing activities in all kind of governmental activities from the 18th century onwards and developed an imperial Russian identity. By the 19th century onwards however, the policy became an assimilation policy towards…
Demirözü is one of the two counties of Bayburt city. In terms of social and demographic situation the county has some differences from the other counties of Black Sea and surrounding region. The oldest settlers of the county is one hundred years of…
The Russian policy of gaining access to Mediterranean through Caucasia and the Balkans deeply affected the Ottoman Empire during the 19 th century. To reach this end Russia aimed to seize the straits in the west and used the Armenians in Caucasia. Under these…
Black Sea had always attracted western governments attention in the fields of politics and trade. Especially France, Britain and Russia had serious conflicts over the domination of Black Sea. France had less information on the Black Sea in comparison to…
The Black Sea, which has maintained its importance throughout the history, has been one of the most conflicted regions among the global powers during the post-Cold-War period. Russia’s isolationist policies between 1991 and 1993 were replaced by the policies…
One of the important wars between the Otoman State and Russia is the war of 1853-1856. Although there are many reasons fort he outbreak of this war, the straw that broket he camel’s back was the Sinop Raid. On 30 November 1853, the Russian navy attacheked the…