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Forming an alliance with the Ottoman Empire, Germany joined the First World War with the aim of removing Russians from the Caucasus in line with her East policy. With this purpose, both states have entered into various joint activities during the war. One of…
This paper deals with the events in Ordu, a town-district in Trabzon Province, between 1914 and 1918 during the world war. In parallel to the Russian occupation of the eastern Black Sea, Ordu witnessed to the greatest population explosion, security and…
World War I is of great significance for the eastern Black Sea, especially during 1916-1918. Throughout these two years the region was occupied by the Russians and involved in the social, political and economic activities. These activities done for the…
The Russian administration started modernizing activities in all kind of governmental activities from the 18th century onwards and developed an imperial Russian identity. By the 19th century onwards however, the policy became an assimilation policy towards…
The Russian policy of gaining access to Mediterranean through Caucasia and the Balkans deeply affected the Ottoman Empire during the 19 th century. To reach this end Russia aimed to seize the straits in the west and used the Armenians in Caucasia. Under these…